This is a single license purchase and comes with a 3 year digital subscription that will be updated periodically.
Contents Description: What every gas industry employee should know about environmental compliance a must have for employees who deal with environmental issues on a daily basis.
The SGA Layman's Guide to Environmental Issues in the Natural Gas Industry was developed and written by industry environmental professionals and consultants to provide a basic regulatory summary of the environmental regulations that directly affect the natural gas industry.
The Physics of Pulsations in Reciprocating Compressor Stations
For the last 50 years the natural gas industry has relied on acoustic analysis tools to determine piping system resonances for reciprocating compressor stations. This was initially accomplished using an analog electric circuit simulation where essential compression station elements were simulated using function generators, resistors, capacitors and inductors. Conveniently, the transient acoustic wave equation was simulated based on the functionally identical governing equations of electric circuitry. Later in the 1990s, this technique was improved upon by the application of digital computer simulations of the acoustic wave equation using numerical solver algorithms. However, both approaches did not solve the actual fluid dynamic equations of pulsating flow in pipes, but rather solved a linearized, acoustic (low pressure perturbation) equation. The classic wave equation solution is based on a number simplifying assumptions which include no mean through-flow, infinitely small pressure pulsations, equally small variations in acoustic density, no viscosity, and quasi-constant gas properties. Incorporation of linear attenuation terms will further distort the accuracy of the linear, acoustic model. These assumptions sufficiently simplify the equation to allow for superposition (simple summation of sources) and a fast solution for the resonant frequencies of complex piping systems. Unfortunately, these assumptions also severely limit the acoustic wave equation methodÂ’s ability to provide correct predictions of high pressure pulsation magnitudes. For variable-speed high-rpmmachines, where resonance will inevitably occur due to overlapping speed bands, accurate prediction of pulsation magnitudes is critical to the design process. Specifically, as pulsations in real piping systems tend to be large (>1% of mean pressure) and have a mean flow component, the inertial transport terms and the viscous terms of the governing equations must be included in the analysis to prediction t
This is a single license purchase and comes with a 3 year digital subscription that will be updated periodically.
Contents Description: What every gas industry employee should know about environmental compliance a must have for employees who deal with environmental issues on a daily basis.
The SGA Layman's Guide to Environmental Issues in the Natural Gas Industry was developed and written by industry environmental professionals and consultants to provide a basic regulatory summary of the environmental regulations that directly affect the natural gas industry.