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This paper summarizes what is known about internal flows and dynamic behaviors of centrifugal compressors as they approach the surge limit and focuses on accessing factors that affect pre-surge detection. An attempt is made in this analysis to identify and quantify factors concerning compressor design and operations that affect the detection of pre-surge conditions. This paper results from previous tests and background studies, a review of published materials, and recent laboratory and field tests funded by the Department of Energy's (DOE) Office of Fossil Energy and managed by the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) as part of their Natural Gas Infrastructure Reliability Program. The project is co-funded by the Gas Machinery Research Council (GMRC) and by Siemens Energy and Automation who is participating in the overall project as the final surge controller developer and the commercialization partner. Identified indicators of near surge conditions from published works will be compared and will be parameterized by various compressor characteristics. Previous GMRC test data and the most recently available measured pre-surge internal flow data will also be parameterized to help identify compressor design factors that affect the indications that a compressor is approaching surge. Theoretical arguments will be applied to access the factors that seem to affect surge pre-cursors and surge initiation in different centrifugal compressors. A comparative evaluation of compressor configurations to which direct surge detection is more applicable or less appropriate due to various factors is included. This paper is considered a first step in accessing the factors that affect the success of limitations of pre-surge detection in natural gas pipeline compressors.
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